Говоря попросту, аллергия - это ошибка иммунитета. Иногда по необъяснимым причинам в работе защитной системы организма происходит сбой и он начинает бурно реагировать на безобидные раздражители. Если для здорового человека шерсть животного или пыль не более чем неприятная данность, то для аллергика это пытка.
Аллергические реакции
Иммунитет обладает прекрасной памятью. Впервые столкнувшись с агрессивным внешним воздействием, он способен запомнить и впоследствии распознавать его при каждом «свидании». Если в организм снова попадает тот же аллерген, умная иммунная система распознает и атакует его, вызывая тем самым разнообразные аллергические реакции. Они бывают различных типов, это зависит от того, в каких органах они возникают. Но все клинические проявления имеют одну природу - повышенную чувствительность к аллергену. Когда симптомы возникают в носовой полости и легких, речь идет о респираторной аллергии, на коже - о кожной, в глазах - об офтальмологической. Иногда аллергию классифицируют в зависимости от причины возникновения (пищевая, медикаментозная и т.д.). В действительности количество веществ - потенциальных аллергенов очень велико. Клещи домашней пыли, пыльца растений, укусы насекомых, частички кожи животных, споры плесени, химические соединения и многое, многое другое может вызывать острейшие аллергические реакции. Чихание, заложенный нос и насморк, зуд в глазах и на коже - самые частые симптомы аллергии.
Причины возникновения
Самая распространенная причина возникновения аллергии - генетическая предрасположенность. Гипотетически стать аллергиком может любой ребенок, однако риск значительно увеличивается, если родители или другие члены семьи также страдают от этой напасти. Для сравнения: у обычного ребенка возможность возникновения нестандартных иммунных реакций составляет 5-15%; в том случае, если один из родителей подвержен подобным проявлениям, вероятность увеличивается до 40-60% и достигает 80%, если аллергиками являются и папа, и мама. Интересно, что эмбрион имеет свой собственный клеточный иммунный ответ к ингаляционным и пищевым аллергенам уже на 22-й неделе беременности. Важно, чтобы малыш чувствовал себя комфортно, еще будучи в утробе. Если во время вынашивания младенца мама злоупотребляет аллергенными продуктами или курит - риск появления у ребенка аллергии многократно возрастает. Негативным фактором является также искусственное вскармливание младенца.
Атопический дерматит
Ранним проявлением аллергии у детей является атопический дерматит. Он может обнаружить себя уже в первый год жизни ребенка и чаще всего связан с пищей. Виновниками его появления могут стать белки коровьего молока, куриные яйца, злаковые и другие продукты, вводимые в прикорм ребенка или употребляемые кормящей мамой. Существует ряд признаков, по совокупности которых врач может поставить этот диагноз:
- Кожный зуд. Зудящая кожа причиняет ребенку ужасные страдания, порой лишая сна.
- Характер и расположение высыпаний на коже. Сыпь появляется в виде красных шелушащихся пятен и располагается на лице, туловище и на сгибах ручек и ножек.
- Наличие других аллергических реакций: бронхиальной астмы, аллергического ринита и коньюнктивита.
Существует такое понятие, как атопический марш: одна неприятность ведет за собой другую. Сначала у деток развивается пищевая аллергия, которая трансформируется в атопический дерматит. Вслед за ним формируется аллергический ринит и бронхиальная астма, в дальнейшем можно ожидать развития рецидивирующих патологий: крапивницы, отека Квинке (отек дыхательных путей), поллиноза (сенная лихорадка - сезонная аллергия на пыльцу). Крайне важно вовремя выявить и остановить победное шествие аллергии по детскому организму. К счастью, при условии правильного и своевременного лечения к трехлетнему возрасту от пищевой аллергии полностью избавляются от 70 до 90% детишек.
Профилактика
Можно максимально снизить риск возникновения аллергии:
- Как можно дольше кормите ребенка грудью.
- Вводите прикорм по прописанной доктором схеме, не давайте малышу животного белка до пятимесячного возраста. Угощайте кроху новым лакомством в небольших дозах, постепенно доводя до желаемого объема.
- Помните, что шоколад, апельсины, клубника, помидоры, яйца, рыба - мощные потенциальные аллергены, поэтому отнеситесь к этим продуктам с осторожностью.
- Прогоните из своей квартиры пыль и позвольте свежему воздуху хозяйничать в вашем жилище - как можно чаще убирайте и проветривайте помещения.
- Выбирая игрушки, отдавайте предпочтение качественным синтетическим материалам, одобренным врачами. Игрушки из натуральных материалов позволяют размножаться клещам домашней пыли.
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