Дело в том, что хронический насморк (ринит) вовсе не сезонное заболевание. Просто в холодное время года более закономерно обострение процесса. И если вас из года в год преследуют постоянные насморки, то знайте: с этим срочно надо что-то делать. Так как длительный отек слизистой может привести к развитию различных заболеваний: от гайморита, фронтита, до бронхолегочных и сердечных, а также он является одной из причин, вызывающих храп. Несмотря на название «хронический», ринит все же поддается лечению. И здесь главное: не ошибиться и выбрать правильный метод. Для этого в первую очередь нужно понять, какой у вас насморк. С этим нам поможет разобраться Ирина Аркадьевна ДАЙХЕС, ведущий научный сотрудник Федерального научно-клинического центра оториноларингологии МЗ РФ.
Обычно острый насморк проходит через 7-10 дней. Для лечения заболевания следует применять сосудосуживающие капли. Никакого эффекта «привыкания» за несколько дней не произойдет, а польза будет значительная. Это позволит носу нормально функционировать и предупредит возможность развития осложнений (гайморита, отита и т. д.). Если же никаких улучшений не произошло, то стоит задуматься о том, что у вас хронический насморк.
Хронический ринит может быть нескольких разновидностей: гипертрофический, атрофический и вазомоторный. Последняя форма подразделяется еще на два вида: аллергический (сезонный и постоянный), а также нейровегетативный.
Развитию хронического ринита могут способствовать частые, особенно нелеченые,
Об аллергическом рините нужно говорить отдельно. В первую очередь следует выявить причину заболевания, т. е. установить, на что у вас аллергия. Но, устранив только фактор аллергии, от насморка не избавитесь, нужна коррекция аллерголога. Он назначит терапию, направленную на восстановление организма в целом. Но лечение должно проводиться и у отоларинголога, который снимет проявления аллергии в полости носа. В настоящее время эта проблема хорошо решается с помощью местного использования аэрозолей глюкокортикостероидов.
Существует ряд ориентиров для того, чтобы определить, какая у вас форма ринита. Например, если на морозе дышится легче, чем в теплом помещении, а также если при употреблении алкоголя носовое дыхание затрудняется. То вероятно у вас нейровегетативная форма ринита. То есть сосуды реагируют на любой внешний и внутренний раздражитель, так как в основе развития этой формы ринита лежат в основном сосудисто-нервные расстройства, а также гормональные сдвиги в организме. Лечение может быть терапевтическим и хирургическим. Общее воздействие заключается в лечении заболеваний нервной, сосудистой и эндокринной систем.
При гипертрофической форме ринита, в основе которой лежит «разрастание» слизистой оболочки (увеличение носовых раковин), мы рекомендуем только хирургическое лечение. Такой ринит носит более стойкий характер и поэтому труднее всего поддается лечению. При более тяжелых формах проводится частичное удаление «больной» слизистой оболои.
С целью воздействия на слизистую оболочку носа может использоваться рефлексотерапия, лекарственные инъекции в полость носа, криотерапия (сверхнизкие температуры), электрофорез с лекарственными препаратами, магнитолазеротерапия. Однако терапевтические методы лечения обладают не столь длительным действием. В этой связи в большинстве случаев мы рекомендуем проведение «щадящих» хирургических методов лечения. К этим методам относится радиоволновая хирургия и хирургический лазер (однако они проводятся с использованием дорогостоящего импортного оборудования, поэтому их возможности ограничены). Существует еще и другой радикальный и в то же время щадящий способ хирургического лечения ринита. Действует он при помощи ультразвука, который при воздействии на увеличенную носовую раковину сокращает ее в объеме, что приводит к стойкому восстановлению дыхания. Процедура безболезненна, бескровна и осуществляется амбулаторно.
До сих пор существует так называемое традиционное лечение, когда увеличенную слизистую оболочку носа просто удаляют (вырезают ножницами или выжигают при помощи гальванического тока), чтобы она не препятствовала дыханию. Это может привести к сухости в носу, нарушению функции согревания воздуха, незащищенности бронхов перед простудами, так как слизистая играет очень большую роль. Ведь именно она первой принимает на себя все вредные вещества из атмосферы, участвует в выполнении дыхательной, обонятельной, защитной и резонаторной функций, что позволяет иметь нам соответствующий тембр голоса, а не гнусавую речь.
Источник: Виктория Роменская, Аргументы и Факты
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