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На самом деле готовность к школе - это отнюдь не умение читать и считать. Дорос дошкольник или нет до серьезных систематических занятий, мы можем судить по многим факторам, выяснить которые можно с помощью игры.
Умение подчиняться действовать по правилам и контролировать свои действия?
Есть такая игра: «Да» и «нет» не говорить, «черное» и «белое» не называть». Поиграйте в нее с ребенком. Задавайте простые вопросы: «Ты любишь шоколад?», «Какого цвета мороженое?». Он должен отвечать, не говоря слов «да» и «нет», не называя черного и белого цветов. Вопросов не должно быть больше 10.
Если отвечает почти без ошибок, значит, уровень самоконтроля достаточно высок.
Уровень развития речи. Это один из самых важных критериев готовности ребенка к обучению в школе.
Попросите малыша пересказать короткий (не больше 6-7 предложений) рассказ либо содержание небольшого комикса. По тому, как ребенок рассказывает, можно оценить умение согласовывать слова, правильно строить предложения, а также логику рассказа - наличие сюжетной линии (начало, середина, конец).
Уровень развития фонематического слуха?
Поиграйте в игру «Назови лишнее слово». Вы выбираете какое-то слово, например, «гора», и повторяете его несколько раз, а потом вместо него говорите другое, похожее. Задача ребенка - услышать и назвать это другое слово. Например, взрослый говорит (проговаривая по одному слову в секунду):
Гора, гора, пора, гора, нора, гора, гора.
Голос, голос, голос, голос, колос, голос, волос
Коса, коса, коса, роса, коса, коса, коза.
Если ребенок слышит и называет «лишние» слова, значит, с фонематическим слухом у него все в порядке. Если же ошибается, ему нужно этот слух потренировать. Произносите ряды слов медленнее, обращайте внимание ребенка на звуковые различия.
Вторая игра - «Назови звуки». Взрослый просит малыша назвать первый и последний звуки в словах «свет» (оба звука согласные), «корма» (первый звук - согласный, последний - гласный), «индюк» (первый звук - гласный, последний - согласный), «езда» (оба звука гласные). Если ребенок часто ошибается и не замечает своих ошибок, его фонематический слух пока не развит.
Чтобы узнать, умеет ли он делить слова на слоги, можно воспользоваться игрой «Раздели слово». Взрослый говорит слово, а ребенок делит его на части, хлопая в ладоши. Слова лучше взять трехсложные: «корова», «кадушка», «лепешка», «караван»...
Умеет ли выполнять логические операции: устанавливать причинно-следственные связи, выделять главное?
Попросите ребенка закончить предложения: «Если выйдешь на улицу зимой без одежды, то...», «Прошел дождь, поэтому...».
В игре «Четвертый лишний» предлагают ряды из 4 картинок. В каждом случае малыш должен убрать одну, на его взгляд, лишнюю. Например: стол, стул, диван, окно. Или: брюки, рубашка, жилет, мальчик. Игра «Аналогии» поможет определить, насколько у ребенка сформированы основы словесно-логического мышления. Ему называют три слова. Два первых - пара. Требуется подобрать аналогичную пару к третьему слову. Например: «день - ночь, лето - ... (зима)»; «часы - время, градусник - ... (температура)», «глаз - зрение, ухо - ... (слух)».
Если ребенок допустил не больше 1-2 ошибок, значит, словесно-логическое мышление у него уже сформировалось.
Достаточно ли развиты тонкая моторика (работа мелких мышц руки) и зрительно-моторная координация? Без этих навыков ребенка не обучить письму.
Обратите внимание, как малыш владеет карандашом, ручкой, ножницами, насколько успешно перерисовывает узоры, вырезает геометрические фигуры.
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Если у ребенка в 6-6,5 года есть все перечисленные навыки, он сможет справиться с требованиями школьной программы. Если навыков нет, не спешите отдавать его в школу - он к ней пока не готов. Учиться ему сейчас будет трудно, да и вам требовать от него хороших результатов - тоже.
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